|
V. Karasev, V. Luchinin "Introduction
to the design of bionic nanosystems"
Sites V.A. Karasev: Principles of topological coding of proteins http://genetic-code.narod.ru/index_e.htm Spatial structure of the canonical set of amino
acids http://amino-acids-20.narod.ru/index_e.htm Molecular
vector machine of
proteins http://vector-machine.narod.ru/index_e.htm Address for correspondence: ateistu@yandex.ru |
AID TO THE ATHEIST: A NEW THEORY EXPLAINING ESSENCE
AND ORIGIN OF LIFE The existing religions claiming
at the initial stage of development of civilization for explanation all real, gradually
reduced spheres of their influence owing to the development of science and understanding by the mankind of its real place in
the world. On this way it is possible to allocate two most essential turning
points. These are the Copernican heliocentric theory, which gave an objective
and realistic representation of Space and our Earth as a part of the Space
and the evolutionary theory of C. Darvin which
provided a scientific explanation of the origin of species by natural
selection. Only
two questions remain in the modern science lacking simple and unequivocal
answers: what is the essence of life; how
could life emerge. On can try to answer these questions basing on the theory
which has appeared recently - concept of Systems of the Conjugated
Ionic-Hydrogen Bonds (SCIHB concept), reviewed in the book [1]. If the
concept is accepted, it may become the third turning point which will
contribute to realizing by humans of their nature as living creatures and
getting rid of erroneous religious ideas. Before setting forth the SCIHB
concept, it is necessary to focus on the notion of
“soul” which will be used thereafter. We should emphasize, that
though this notion is rather vague, one has intuitive idea of what it is
about. Sticking to the layman’s level we will admit that
“soul” stands for some non-material substance which is a
component living creatures due to which they develop and actively react to
external influences. Absence of any reaction suggests that the object is
lifeless, i.e. there
is no soul in it. CONTENTS 2. Charge transfer model in SCIHB 5. A
model hypothetical example 6. Conclusion |
1. Concept of SCIHB
The concept essence consists in the following. It is possible to present
biomolecules and biostructures
in the form of two types of elementary combinations from organogenic
elements (C, N, O, P, S). The first type of
combinations is simple groups – R–Z,
which consist of two atoms of the organogenic
elements linked with a s-bond. The second type of
combinations - resonance groups - Q-R=X - consist of three organogenic
elements linked with two s-bonds and one p-bond, which capable migrate
(displace) (Q–R=X ßà Q=R–X) like
in resonance structures considered by L. Pauling. In the book the table of such
combinations including 5 simple and 15 resonance groups have been suggested,
which are classified according to their molecular masses.
Classification of groups encountered in biomolecules
and biostructures
|
Simple groups (R–Z) |
Resonance
groups (Q–R=X) |
||
|
C–C C–N C–O C–S |
C–C=C C–C=N C–C=O C–C=S |
N–C=N N–C=O N–C=S |
O–C=O O–C=S |
|
- |
C–P=O |
N–P=O |
O–P=O |
|
S–S |
C–S=O |
N–S=O |
O–S=O |
Not stopping on details, we will
notice, that on the basis of the analysis of interaction of these groups among
themselves through atom of hydrogen, in the book it is shown, that the most
groups can interact with each other through a hydrogen atom thus generating two
types of systems:
a)
Systems
of resonance groups:
HQ1–R=X1...HQ2–R=X2...HQ3–R=X3... ...HQn–R=Xn...
b) Systems of alternating resonance and simple groups:
R
R
|
|
HQ1–R=X1...HZ1...HQ2–R=X2...HQ3–R=X3... ...HQn–R=Xn...HZm
Owing to similarity of such systems to the polyconjugated systems and presence in them of atoms of
hydrogen, such systems are named in the book by "Systems of the Conjugated
Ionic-Hydrogen Bonds”, in abbreviated form “SCIHB”. From here and the concept name - concept of
SCIHB. They are not something new and absolutely unknown in
biology, but thanks to a description generality, get new quality -
universality. As the book affirms, that similar systems are a construction
basis of supramolecular biological structures and
charge (and energy) transfer channels in these structures. This statement is
supported by the analysis of a considerable quantity of the modern experimental
data received mainly on the basis of studying of concrete biostructures
(proteins and their complexes with other structures).
2. Charge transfer model in SCIHB
Suppose one end
of a SCIHB, consisting only from resonant groups, is linked by hydrogen bond to
charge donor (HD1 -) with an elevated electrochemical potential and on
the other end of a system is linked to an acceptor (HA1) whose potential is low.
At the first stage (initial
state 1) donor D1 yields
its charge into SCIHB and attracts a proton:
|
а)
initial state 1 |
HD1- ---> HQ1–R=X1...HQ2–R=X2... ...HQn–R=Xn...HA1
+ H+ |
After the
displacement of a proton from Q1 to D1 the group –Q1–R=X1 passes to the state Q1=R–X1– and induces translocation of proton from Q2
to X1. The charge moves from D1 to A1, which is accompanies by the cooperative shift of
protons and migration of double bond in the opposite direction, release of
proton by D1 into the medium and uptake of aproton from the
medium by A1. Electroneutrality is thus
preserved (terminal state 1):
|
б) terminal state 1 |
H+ + D1 H...Q1=R–X1H...Q2=R–X2H...
...Qn=R–XnH ---> A1H |
After D1 molecule is replaced by A2 and A1 by D2 a similar process
of charge transfer can proceed in the opposite
direction (initial state 2).
|
c) initial state 2 |
H+ + A2H...Q1=R–X1H...Q2=R–X2H... Qn=R–XnH <--- –D2H |
|
d) terminal state 2 |
HA2 <---
HQ1–R=X1...HQ2–R=X2... ...HQn–R=Xn...HD2 + H+ |
The process ends
by transition to the terminal state 2.
After another
interchange of donors and acceptors the cycle is repeated. Conditions of
realization of the given model in biostructures are formulated and visually presented below.
|
Conditions of realization of
the given model in biostructures (Fig.1) |
Condition |
The comment |
|
1. Asymmetry of an arrangement of protons in SCIHB |
In figure 1atoms of hydrogen are located in SCIHB asymmetrically |
|
|
2. Presence of the isolating environment for
functioning SCIHB |
These systems are shipped in structure isolating from an environment |
|
|
3. Possibility of effective change of donors and
acceptors of charges |
Inputs and outputs of SCIHB are accessible to replaced donors and
acceptors. |
|
|
4. Thermodynamic
reversibility of charge transfer on
SCIHB |
Iit is provided with
symmetry of duplicated structures and symmetry of initial and terminal
conditions |
|
|
Consequence of the
given mechanism is alternative of work of the substructures containing SCIHB |
||
|
|
|
Fig.1. Conditions of realisation of model of
charges transfer in supramolecular biostructures. а, в –
initial states, б, г –
terminal states. |
From all conditions we will stop only on the first and
the fourth which can form a basis for an explanation of the nature and a life
origin.
3. About essence of a life
Let's stop on the first
condition, one of the most important: asymmetry of an arrangement of protons
in SCIHB. All atoms of hydrogen in these systems should be located on one
side from groups (on the resulted schemes - all at the left or to the right of
atoms of groups), i.e. is asymmetric. Asymmetric position of protons is
nonequilibrium and should be supported by the permanent functioning of these
systems connected with alternate change of donors and acceptors. Thus stability
SCIHB also is supported due to this process.
Concept SCIHB asserts that in these systems asymmetry of
position of protons at the expense of constant change of donors and acceptors
of charges should be supported. We concretize this question in application to
animals and plants. In animals a direct acceptor of charges is air oxygen.
What will occur, if we deprive an animal of air? It
from live shortly becomes lifeless. What will occur, if we deprive an animal of
food? It also will be lost, though and not so is fast, as in the first case.
In plants occurrence of charges is promoted by light.
For lack of light plant do not develop and perish. An acceptor of charges in
plants is water which thanks to plants decays and as a result oxygen is
allocated. Without water the plant will be lost.
Thus, elementary displays live quite keep within the
predictions following from model of charge transfer.
If the constancy of change of donors and acceptors is
broken not only asymmetry of position of protons and the mechanism of carrying
over of charges on SCIHB is broken. It leads to that the structures containing
SCIHB which stability is supported at the expense by constant migration of
charges (protons and electrons), will be
quickly and irreversible collapse.
Everything that we know about live beings, testifies
that there comes any moment after the termination of receipt of donors or
acceptors when their absence conducts to irreversible destruction live beings.
Thus, the structures making a live being, also quickly
and irreversible collapse.
Carrying over of charges in
SCIHB, in particular, transferred by electrons,
as well as any electronic process, should be accompanied by electric field
occurrence. The numerous effects observed both in a life, and in experiments,
can be interpreted from a position of carrying over of the information which is
carried out at the expense of this field.
|
What can be, proceeding from concept
SCIHB: |
Telepathy.
As within the limits of concept SCIHB a "soul" is energized state
of biostructures, the information which contains electric field in the form of
fluctuations of certain frequency, can be transferred to other object and
cause in it corresponding fluctuations in SCIHB and to be decoded in the form
of corresponding thoughts or actions. Telekinesis.
Clots of definitely organized electromagnetic field generated by synchronous
synthesis and work of biostructures, containing SCIHB, can cause in some (not
in all) objects corresponding effects of an attraction or pushing away and to
be observed as moving of these objects under the influence of bioobjects or
their parts (for example, hands). Anyway, existence of the similar phenomena
by the concept is not denied. |
|
What cannot be, proceeding from
acceptance of this concept: |
Eternity of soul. Within the limits of concept SCIHB «the invisible substance»,
distinguishing live from lifeless, is carrying of electrons and protons on
SCIHB, supported at the expense of constant change of donors and acceptors.
With the termination of this process "substance" disappears also.
Fast and irreversible transition SCIHB to an equilibrium condition takes
place. "Soul" exists only until maintenance of a nonequilibrium
condition (asymmetry) of protons in SCIHB will stop. Resettlement of souls. As "soul", from a position of concept
SCIHB is energized state of protons and electrons, localized in SCIHB, any
live being already has "soul". Accordingly, resettlement of
"soul" from one live beings to another is impossible. However it is
impossible to exclude possibility of carrying over of the information (at the
expense of electric field) from one soul to another, but it is a question not
of resettlement of soul (reincarnation), but only about information carrying
over. Revival of the died. Existence SCIHB depends on presence of donors and acceptors of
charges. If process has stopped for a long time, since any moment process
restoration of structures becomes irreversible. The "revival"
phenomenon in that case can be interpreted only as awakening of the object
which had latent process of carrying over of charges (for example, lethargic
a dream). |
Thus, the scientific view on the nature of live beings
as unities of cellular structures and processes of carrying over of charges in
these structures on SCIHB allows to understand the nature of live beings in a
new fashion. Our knowledge of them at molecular level, taking into account the
representations developed in the book [1], allow us to make
following definition:
|
Live beings are the
self-reproduced molecular cellular automatic machines constructed on a
principle of a continuity of systems of
conjugated ionic-hydrogen bonds and using these systems for carrying
over of charges and energy. |
4. Origin of Life
Let's consider
the fourth condition of realisation of model of charges transfer: Thermodynamic
reversibility of charge transfer on SCIHB. Feature of the mechanism of charge
transfer on SCIHB is possibility of
their only unitary passage on system of bonds in one direction. However
this process can take place successful in the opposite direction. To it can
promote identity of donors (D1=D2) and acceptors (A1=A2),
participating in reception of charges in direct and return directions, and also
symmetry of donor and acceptor sites of SCIHB. Symmetry of SCIHB can be created
on the basis of the identical substructures laid symmetrically under the
relation to each other. At molecular level it is shown that the majority of
biostructures consists of identical
subunits, and their number, as a rule, is even.
Whether it is
possible on the basis of requirement reversibility
of charge transfer to present an origin of live beings? It appears it is
possible, but for this purpose it is necessary to take into consideration one
more theory. It is considered, that the science has not given till now the
unequivocal answer to a question on a life origin. However, actually the answer
is found for a long time already, though has not received sufficient
popularity. It is a question of the theory evolutionary catalysis, developed by
prof. A.P. Rudenko [2]. In a short form it is stated in the book [1].
Within the
limits of the evolutionary catalysis theory object of
chemical evolution in which course there were biosystems, is the elementary opened
catalytic system (EOCS), i.e. complete set of the catalyst, reacting substances
and products in all phases catalytic stages, connected in a uniform kinetic
continuum. Such objects which basis of existence is basic process, have passed
in process of long evolution and selection the way which has led to occurrence
of biosystems.
A.P. Rudenko's theory describes the
general laws of chemical evolution, not concretising the mechanism of carrying
over of charges which can underlie realization of basic reaction. However at
transition directly to an origin of biosystems it is necessary to consider the
concrete mechanism of carrying over of charges in them too.
As
we saw, the mechanism of charges transfer on SCIHB can be realised only under
condition of symmetric subunit organizations of structures. In book [1]
prebiological structures with such organization are named EDOCS (elementary
duplicated opened catalytic systems). Subunit structure of EDOCS creates a
condition for their interaction at population level and exchange by subunits
therefore structures with higher symmetry and higher capacity of basic reaction
can be formed. In turn, it increases duration of their existence and
possibility of participation in the subsequent recombination. Such mechanism of
recombination and selection of EDOCS on a maximum of basic process carries the
name of population-template model as passes at level of the population which is simultaneously a template
of selection too.
5. A model hypothetical example
Let's
assume, that there is population EDOCS
catalyzing the same basic reaction. Suppose that at
stage of 1st generation is available six variants of the duplicated
structures with a miscellaneous, but low level of
catalytic activity - a1, a2 .... a6. Further,
suppose, that at this stage between them there was a recombination
process: a1 subunits
has exchanged with a2: (conditional record: a1--> a2), a3--> a4, a5-->
a6. As a result of
recombination it was formed four variants with different catalytic activity, and a variant a1 ’ - with maximum activity,
characteristic of symmetric structures, but two variants
- with zero activity (a2' = 0, a6 '= 0).
|
1-st generation |
|
Variants with
zero activity die (precipitate) and the remaining EDOCS at a stage of 2nd
generation re-enter the recombination: a1 '--> a3', a4 '--> a5'. As a
result of this recombination another precipitating variant with zero activity
(a5 "= 0) was formed.
|
2-nd generation |
|
The remaining
three variants of EDOCS again come to the recombination (a stage of 3rd
generations), for example a3 ”-> a4”, in which two variants of
EDOCS with maximum catalytic activity (a1 '= max) and one more variant with
zero activity (a6 "= 0) form. Last variant is also precipitated.
|
3-d generation |
|
The subsequent recombination has not lead to an increase
in catalytic activity at EDOCS as they reach perfection (maximal symmetry and maximum
power of basic reaction). However, further development can take place in more
complex systems such as membranes and increase of the power of basic reaction
will proceed. Already such simplified scheme shows that in the process of
recombination and selection of active duplicated structures and EDOCS
generational change there is a process of enrichment of population by
duplicated structures with a high degree of activity and a higher symmetry. Interested persons can, by setting various
parameters, to simulate this process on a computer in a much more complicated
form. However, as it is possible to believe,
the results of such simulations will be quite expected.
6. Conclusion
Thus, within the limits of population-template model the appearance
of the existing mechanism of recombination and selection of living beings accompanied by change of generations, could be predetermined at the earliest stage of chemical
evolution and is caused by the mechanism of
carrying over of charges on SCIHB , providing
in biosystems passage of basic process. Hence it is easy to understand
why live beings are exactly what they are and
why they exist, usually in the form of two subspecies of the sexes, why their
reproduction processes associated with the recombination of the initial
monomers (gametes) with a subsequent restoration
of duplicated structures and why in the process of evolution there is an alternation change of species generations.
The above
concept SCIHB and population-template model for the origin of biological
systems using this concept, complement our understanding of the nature and
origin of biological systems. They do not require the use for an explanation of origin of live beings ideas of their
extraterrestrial origin (panspermia) or acts of "creation."
However, they can be a stimulus for further research and promote deepening of our knowledge about ourselves.
References
2. Rudenko A.P. Theory of self-development of opened
catalytic systems. М: Mosk. Univ. Publ. Hause. 1969. 272 pp. (in
Russian.).
The address for correspondence: ateistu@yandex.ru